Plant genetic transformation is a way to insert DNA from another organism- normally another plant, into the genome of a plant of interest.
- Transformation of cells is a widely used and versatile tool in genetic engineering and is of critical importance in the development of molecular biology.
Major Discoveries :-
- Transformation was discovered in Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1928 by Frederick Griffith.
- In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrated that the “transforming principle” was DNA.
- Both results are milestones in the elucidation of the molecular nature of genes.
- The principle of inheritances - 1865.
Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
- The pure line theory - 1903
Wilhelm Johannsen first proposed the distinction between genotype and phenotype in the study of heredity while working in Denmark in 1909.
- Hybrid vigor – 1908
In early 1908, George Harrison Shull, then at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, published a paper with the title, “the composition of a field of maize.
- The double-cross method – 1917
In 1917 Donald Forsha Jones crossed the single cross of two strains of Chester's Learning corn, with a single cross of two strains of Burr White corn.
- Transposable elements discovered in maize – 1940
Transposable elements, or transposons, are DNA sequences that can move locations within a genome, also known as jumping genes.
- Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation - 1977
In 1977 Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell discovered the gene transfer mechanism between Agrobacterium and plants.
- The first biotech plant – 1982
In 1982, the first biotech plant, an antibiotic resistant tobacco, was developed.
- The gene gun method - 1986
A gene gun is a device for delivering exogenous DNA or transgenes to cells.
- The first flowering plant genome sequenced - 2000
The first complete genome sequence of a plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, appeared in Nature in 2000.
- The first Golden Rice field trial – 2004
Golden Rice is a variety which has been genetically engineered to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.
- CRISPR first applied to plants – 2013
In August 2013, five reports were published discussing the first application of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in plants.
Application :-
1) Process of using r-DNA tech alter the genetic material of an organism .
2) Help to speed up the process creating new food with desired trait .
3) Crop developed through genetic engineering transgenic crop or genetically modified ( GM ) crop .
4) Not only be used to enhances yields and nutritional qualities .
5) For increase tolerances to various biotic and abiotic stresses .
6) Commercial available crops , transgenic crop with high market value such as
1. herbicide tolerant .
eg. maize , cotton , canola .
2. insect resistant crop
eg. maize , cotton , potato .
7) Transgenic crop with combined traits are also available .
herbicide tolerant ,insect resistant .
8) New and future initiatives :-
1. food quality
2. environmental benefits
3. pharmaceutical production .
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