Cancer is a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells.
or
cancer is unwanted growth of cell.
What is Oncology .....?
The term oncology literally means a branch of science that deals with tumours and cancers. The word “onco” means bulk, mass, or tumor while “-logy” means study.
What is neoplasm....?
A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells, also known as a tumor. Neoplastic diseases are conditions that cause tumor growth — both benign and malignant. Benign tumors are noncancerous growths. They usually grow slowly and can't spread to other tissues.
Examples:
1) Adenoma
2) fibro adenoma
3) leiomyoma
4) neuro fibroma
5) myoma
Disease of a cell ( maliganat cell ) characterized by :-
- Cancer treatment options include:
- Surgery.
- Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy. ...
- Bone marrow transplant. ...
- Immunotherapy. ...
- Hormone therapy. ...
- Targeted drug therapy. ...
- Cryoablation.
How does chemotherapy treat cancer?
Before surgery or radiation therapy to shrink tumors. This is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
After surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy.
As the only treatment. For example, to treat cancers of the blood or lymphatic system, such as leukemia and lymphoma.
For cancer that comes back after treatment, called recurrent cancer.
For cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, called metastatic cancer.
The goals of chemotherapy
- The goals of chemotherapy depend on the type of cancer and how far it has spread. Sometimes, the goal of treatment is to get rid of all the cancer and keep it from coming back.
- If this is not possible, you might receive chemotherapy to delay or slow cancer growth.
- Delaying or slowing cancer growth with chemotherapy also helps manage symptoms caused by the cancer. Chemotherapy given with the goal of delaying cancer growth is sometimes called palliative chemotherapy.
How is chemotherapy given?
Chemotherapy may be given in several different ways, which are discussed below.
Intravenous (IV) chemotherapy.
Many drugs require injection directly into a vein. This is called intravenous or IV chemotherapy. Treatment takes a few minutes to a few hours.
Some IV drugs work better if you get them over a few days or weeks. You take them through a small pump you wear or carry.
This is called continuous infusion chemotherapy.
Oral chemotherapy.
You can take some drugs by mouth. They can be in a pill, capsule, or liquid. This means that you may be able to pick up your medication at the pharmacy and take it at home.
Oral treatments for cancer are now more common. Some of these drugs are given daily, and others are given less often.
For example, a drug may be given daily for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week break.
Injected chemotherapy.
This is when you receive chemotherapy as a shot. The shot may be given in a muscle or injected under the skin.
You may receive these shots in the arm, leg, or abdomen. Abdomen is the medical word for your belly.
Chemotherapy into an artery.
An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood from your heart to another part of your body.
Sometimes chemotherapy is injected into an artery that goes directly to the cancer. This is called intra-arterial or IA chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy into the peritoneum or abdomen.
For some cancers, medication might be placed directly in your abdomen. This type of treatment works for cancers involving the peritoneum.
The peritoneum covers the surface of the inside of the abdomen and surrounds the intestines, liver, and stomach.
Topical chemotherapy.
You can take some types of chemotherapy in a cream you put on your skin. You get your medication at the pharmacy and take it at home.
alkylating agents include:
- Altretamine
- Bendamustine
- Busulfan
- Carboplatin
- Carmustine
- Chlorambucil
- Cisplatin
- Cyclophosphamide
- Dacarbazine
- Ifosfamide
- Lomustine
- Mechlorethamine
- Melphalan
- Oxaliplatin
- Temozolomide
- Thiotepa
- Trabectedin
nitrosoureas include:
- Carmustine
- Lomustine
- Streptozocin
antimetabolites include:
- Azacitidine
- 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
- 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
- Capecitabine (Xeloda)
- Cladribine
- Clofarabine
- Cytarabine (Ara-C)
- Decitabine
- Floxuridine
- Fludarabine
- Gemcitabine (Gemzar)
- Hydroxyurea
- Methotrexate
- Nelarabine
- Pemetrexed (Alimta)
- Pentostatin
- Pralatrexate
- Thioguanine
- Trifluridine/tipiracil combination
anthracyclines include:
- Daunorubicin
- Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
- Doxorubicin liposomal
- Epirubicin
- Idarubicin
- Valrubicin
anthracyclines include:
- Bleomycin
- Dactinomycin
- Mitomycin-C
- Mitoxantrone (also acts as a topoisomerase II inhibitor.
Topoisomerase inhibitors
These are grouped according to which type of enzyme they affect:
Topoisomerase I inhibitors (also called camptothecins) include:
- Irinotecan
- Irinotecan liposomal
- Topotecan
Topoisomerase II inhibitors (also called epipodophyllotoxins) include:
- Etoposide (VP-16)
- Mitoxantrone (also acts as an anti-tumor antibiotic)
- Teniposide
Topoisomerase II inhibitors can increase the risk of a second cancer.
mitotic inhibitors
It include the taxanes and vinca alkaloids.
- Taxanes include:
- Cabazitaxel
- Docetaxel
- Nab-paclitaxel
- Paclitaxel
- Vinca alkaloids include:
- Vinblastine
- Vincristine
- Vincristine liposomal
- Vinorelbine
corticosteroids:-
- Prednisone
- Methylprednisolone
- Dexamethasone
- All-trans-retinoic acid
- Arsenic trioxide
- Asparaginase
- Eribulin
- Hydroxyurea
- Ixabepilone
- Mitotane
- Omacetaxine
- Pegaspargase
- Procarbazine
- Romidepsin
- Vorinostat
- Low blood counts causes an increased possibility of developing infection or anemia.
- Tiredness.
- Mouth soreness.
- Nausea, vomiting.
- Loss of appetite.
- Constipation or diarrhea.
- Hair loss.
- Skin changes or reactions.
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