DEFINITIONS IN PLANT GENETIC TRANSFORMATION

 1)Transgene :-

A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. 

2) Promoter :- 

Promoter sequences are DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins.

3) Lipofection :- 

Lipofection (or liposome transfection) is a technique used to inject genetic material into a cell by means of liposomes, which are vesicles that can easily merge with the cell membrane since they are both made of a phospholipid bilayer.

4)  PCR :- 

PCR is a technique used in the lab to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA.

5) Western blotting :-

A western blot is a laboratory method used to detect specific protein molecules from among a mixture of proteins. 

6) Southern blotting :-

A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization.

7) Vector :-

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed (e.g., plasmid, cosmid, Lambda phages). ... A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA.

8) Electroporation :-

Electroporation is a physical transfection method that uses an electrical pulse to create temporary pores in cell membranes through which substances like nucleic acids can pass into cells.

9) Genome :- 

A genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop.

10)  Codon bias :- 

Codon  bias refers to the fact that different organisms have differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in their coding DNA, meaning that some codons are rarely used while other codons are frequently used in a particular organism.

11) Bioseftey :-

Biosafety is defined as, “The discipline addressing the safe handling and containment of infectious. 

12) Competent cell :- 

Competent cells are ready to use bacterial cells that possess more easily altered cell walls by which foreign DNA can be passed through easily. 

13) Virulence gene :- 

Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host. ... In the specific context of gene for gene systems, often in plants, virulence refers to a pathogen's ability to infect a resistant host.

14) Opines :-

 Opines are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumors or hairy root tumors produced by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium and Rhizobium.

15) Co integrate vector :- 

Co-integrate vectors are produced by integrating a suitably modified E. coli plasmid containing the gene of interest into a disarmed Ti plasmid. 

The co-integration of the two plasmids is achieved within the Agrobacterium by homologous recombination.

16) Disarming :- 

 To delete genes that are PATHOGENIC from, for example, a PLASMID or VIRUS.

17) Microinjection  :- 

Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level. The target is often a living cell but may also include intercellular space.