biotechnological blog

short note

: 4) *Codominant markers* are markers for which both alleles are expressed when co-occurring in an individual. Therefore, with codominant markers, heterozygotes can be distinguished from homozygotes, allowing the determination of genotypes and allele frequencies at loci.  *genetic marker*…

Co-immunoprecipitation  (co-IP) is a popular technique to identify physiologically relevant protein–protein interactions by using target protein-specific antibodies to indirectly capture proteins that are bound to a specific target protein. protein complex is isolated by Co-IP using an an…

short note

Metabolomics  :-  is the large-scale study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, within cells, biofluids, tissues or organisms. Collectively, these small molecules and their interactions within a biological system are known as the metabolome." What is meant by proteomics…

DNA microarray application and type

A DNA microarray  :-  is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. Type of DNA microarray :-  Spotted arrays  :-  …

application of genomics and proteomics in crop improvement

Application of genomics in crop improvement :-  Plant breeders require access to new genetic diversity to satisfy the demands of a growing human population for more food that can be produced in a variable or changing climate and to deliver the high‐quality food with nutritional and health…

RNAi

RNAi :-  is short for “RNA interference” and it refers to a phenomenon where small pieces of RNA can shut down protein translation by binding to the messenger RNAs that code for those proteins.  Mechanism :-  1) This process is related to normal defence against viruses and mobilisation of…

protoplast fusion

Somatic fusion ,  also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid. Methods of Protoplast Fusion: Broadly speaking, protoplast…

suspension culture

A cell suspension or suspension culture :-   is a type of cell culture in which single cells or small aggregates of cells are allowed to function and multiply in an agitated growth medium, thus forming a suspension. Suspension culture is one of the two classical types of cell culture, the…

Micropropagation- Stages, Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations

Micropropagation :-   is the rapid vegetative propagation of plants under in vitro conditions of high light intensity, controlled temperature, and a defined nutrient medium. The technique has been applied to a substantial number of commercial vegetatively propagated plant species. Plants …

somatic hybridization and cybrid

Somatic hybridization :-  Somatic hybridiztion refers to crossing of crop plants though fusion of somatic cell. The fusion of somatic cell takes place through protoplasts. Protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using eith…

Protein protein interaction and database

Protein–protein interaction Def- Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity  established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by  electrostatic forces including the hydrophobic effect.  Proteins have to inte…

hidden markov model

Hidden Markov Model (HMM) Definition:- Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical Markov model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobservable (i.e. hidden) states. The hidden Markov model can be represented as the simplest dynamic Bayesian networ…

DNA barcoding

DNA barcoding:- DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. DNA barcoding techniques were developed by Paul D.N. Hebert et al. from the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Methodology - Sampling and preservation o T…

Different Genome browser .....

Genome: Genomics is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinan DNA technology, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble and analyze the function and structure of genomes, the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism. The term “genomics” was …

phylogenetic analysis tools and uses...part 2

Phylogenetic programs:- Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is not a trivial task. Although there are numerous phylogenetic programs available, knowing the theoretical background, capabilities, and limitations of each is very important.  Phylip (Phylogenetic inference package; by Joe Fel…

phylogenetic analysis, tools and uses...part 1

Phylogenetics:- - Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history of living organisms using treelike diagrams to represent pedigrees of these organisms. Phylogenetic programs :- Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is not a trivial task. Although there are numerous phylogenetic pr…

Homology modelling, step and uses

1. Homology Modeling:- Def- Homology modeling method for predicting the three-dimensional structure of a protein based on homology by assigning the structure of an unknown protein using an existing homologous protein structure as a template. OR Homology modeling predicts protein s…